Fig. 5

Pseudo-first-order kinetics are observed in Fig. 5(a), indicating the presence of concentration-dependent interfacial attraction. Figure 5(b) illustrates chemisorption using pseudo-second-order kinetics, where the absorption rate follows an exact correlation with the square of the dosage. Figure 5(c). The Langmuir fitting method is a nonlinear technique used to determine adsorption capacity. Figure 5(d) presents an explanation of surface multilayer adsorption based on the Freundlich hypothesis. An approximate linear decrease in heat is observed at adsorbate-adsorbent interactions, as shown by the Temkin model in Fig. 5(e). A further elucidation of the Sips model is provided in Fig. 5(f). The thermodynamic analysis is shown in Fig. 5(g), which investigates changes in enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy